Citation
Daood, Ghaidaa S
(2016)
Development and characterization of parenteral nano-delivery system loaded with azithromycin.
Masters thesis, Universiti Putra Malaysia.
Abstract
The blood brain barrier (BBB) is established by brain microvascular endothelial
cells (BMEC) working simultaneously with pericytes and astrocytes, in which tight
junctions and several transporters strictly regulate the penetration of various
bioactive compounds into the brain including antibiotics. This has significant
consequences for the treatment of Central Nervous System (CNS) infections, as
antibiotics have to gain access to the brain through the BBB in adequate
concentrations to exhibit their antibacterial activity. Azithromycin (AZO) is a broad
spectrum antibiotic with a unique pharmacokinetic profile. However, its role in
treatment of CNS infections is limited because it does not possess the appropriate
physicochemical properties that enables it to achieve sufficient concentrations in
brain tissue.
Nanoemulsion system is one of the potential strategies for efficient delivery of
lipophilic actives across the BBB owing to their nano-sized, biocompatible,
biodegradable, physical stability and relatively easy to produce on a large scale.
With the aim of brain targeting, AZO-loaded nanoemulsions were developed
utilizing high pressure homogenization with a homogenization pressure of 1000
bar for 8 cycles. The formulated nanoemulsions were optimized utilizing artificial
neural network (ANN) as a multivariate statistical technique. In order to achieve
the optimum topologies, ANN was trained by Incremental Back-Propagation (IBP),
Batch Back-Propagation (BBP), Quick Propagation (QP), and Levenberg-
Marquardt (LM) algorithms for testing data set. The topologies were confirmed by
the indicator of minimized root mean squared error (RMSE) for each. Based on
that indicator, the BBP-5-14-1 was selected as the optimum topology to be used
as a final model to predict the desirable particle size and relative importance of
the formulation’s effective variables. The ANN analysis showed that with optimum
compositions of soya bean oil 6%, oleic acid 2%, AZO 1.4%, lecithin 2%, Tween 80 2%, glycerol 2.5%, vitamin E 0.25%, and water 83.85%, minimum particle size
can be obtained.
The optimized nanoemulsions were evaluated for the various physicochemical
properties. The characterization revealed particle size of 54.67 ± 0.81 nm,
polydispersity index (PDI) of 0.218 ± 0.023, zeta potential of -34.65 ± 0.78 mV, pH
of 7.82 ± 0.07, viscosity of 1.77 ± 0.05 cps, and osmolality of 288 ± 1.00 mOsm/kg,
suggesting their compatibility for intravenous administration. AZO was
successfully incorporated into nanoemulsion system with an average
encapsulation efficiency of 98.21 ± 1.97% and a relatively high drug loading of
91.19 ± 5.93%. Morphological analysis with Transmission Electron Microscopy
(TEM) confirmed the formation of almost spherical shaped uniformly distributed
nano-sized oil droplets.
In vitro drug release study of the selected formulation demonstrated a release
profile similar to that of AZO standard solution, both exhibited a biphasic behavior
characterized by a fast initial release of the encapsulated drug followed by a
slower sustained release till the optimized formulation achieved a total
accumulative release of the drug of 84.94 ± 4.76% within 48 h. Kinetically, AZO
release profile from nanoemulsion system in vitro appeared to fit best with the
Higuchi model. Stability of nanoemulsion prepared with the optimized formula was
mainly evaluated in term of preserving its physical integrity, namely particle size
and polydispersity index (PDI). The formulation maintained its properties in a
satisfactory range up to 12 months of storage at 4˚C and 25˚C, which
demonstrated sufficient physical stability upon long-term storage.
A linear relationship between the particle size (cube of the radius of dispersed
phase droplets (r3)) and time (t) was obtained identifying Ostwald ripening (OR)
as the dominant destabilization mechanism of AZO-loaded nanoemulsion from a
12-months shelf-life study. OR rate (ω) was extrapolated graphically from the
slope and was found to be 0.232 ×10-8 nm3/s. Optimized nanoemulsion was
analyzed for its drug content to monitor its chemical stability. The shelf-life (t0.9) of
optimized nanoemulsion formulation was estimated to be 4.85 years at 25˚C
which reflected the ability of nanoemulsion formulation to maintain the drug and
efficiently protected it against degradation.
To summarize, the studies conducted indicate the utility and potential advantage
of AZO-loaded nanoemulsion system as a promising delivery carrier worth to
explore further for its parenteral applicability in the treatment of bacterial
meningitis.
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