Effectiveness of EPA+DHA from yellow stripe scad fish on lipid profile, platelet and endothelial-related activation biomarkers among overweight adults

Overweight is a global health condition that can lead to cardiovascular diseases (CVDs). Eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) from salmon have beneficial effects on CVDs, while local yellow stripe scad (YSS), has been described as having same. However, the beneficial effects of EPA+DHA still remain ambiguous. The present study investigated the impact of 900mg EPA+DHA intake from YSS and salmon on parameters including body mass index (BMI), serum leptin, lipid profile and blood pressure (atherosclerosis marker), platelet activation markers (thrombotic makers), platelet and endothelial inflammation markers as (CVD markers) and protein expression level of NF-kB and PPAR-γ (as therapeutic markers) on healthy overweight subjects. For 60 days, equally randomized subjects received either 269g of YSS whole fish per day, to obtain 2,103mg of EPA+DHA per day for three days in a week that provides 6,310 mg of EPA+DHA (approximately 900mg/day) or 217g of salmon fish fillet per day that provides 2,103mg of EPA+DHA per day for three days and contained 6,310 mg of EPA+DHA/week (approximately 900mg/day).The primary and secondary results were recorded and data were analyzed quantitatively and qualitatively by a twotailed paired Student's T-test and Analysis of Covariance (ANCOVA) respectively. Significant differences were observed in serum leptin for both YSS (+2.0 ng/ml) and salmon (+1.9 ng/ml). Increased significant differences were observed in HDLC (+0.0711mmol/L) and LDL-C (+0.171mmol/L) in YSS-baseline but not in VLDL-cholesterol (+0.02mmol/L). Significant differences were also observed in VLDL (+0.049 mmol/L) and HDL-C (+0.06 mmol/L) in salmon-baseline but not in LDL-C. Non-significant differences were also observed in body mass index (BMI) (+0.05kg/m2), leptin (+0.541ng/ml), HDL-C (+0.008mmol/L), LDL-C (+0.015mmol/L), and VLDL-C (+0.03mmol/L) in YSS and salmon, as independent variables including the effects of time and interactions. No significant difference (p>0.05) was observed for PMP-CD62 (+222.6 PMPs/μl), PMP-CD41 (316.3 PMPs/μl), and PMP-PS-Annexin-5 (237.5 PMPs/μl) as independent variables for YSS and salmon including the effects of time and interactions. No significant difference was also observed in vWF (+11.2pg/ml), MCP-I (+0.5pg/ml), P-selectin (+20.5pg/ml), sCD40L (+0.3pg/ml), IL-1β (+0.378pg/ml) and TNF-α (+1.3pg/ml) including the effects of time and interactions in YSS and salmon as independent variables. The study observed no significant difference in NF-kB, (3.9 ng/ml) in YSS-salmon and PPAR-γ (+3.7ng/ml) in YSS-salmon as independent variable. The inferential statistic, “ANCOVA" showed that YSS and salmon treatments as an independent variable was not significant in BMI, serum leptin, lipid profile, blood pressure as (atherosclerotic makers) and platelet activation markers as (thrombotic makers), platelet and endothelial inflammation markers as (CVD markers) and protein expression level of NF-kB and PPAR-γ as (therapeutic markers). Qualitative data analysis showed that both primary and secondary data, were similar in performance. The study shows positive effects of EPA+DHA treatments from salmon and from YSS. The study upheld the (Ho) null hypothesis in which the effect of EPA+DHA from salmon on atherosclerosis, thrombosis, and CVD related parameters did not change and was no different from EPA+DHA in YSS including the effects of time and interactions. In future intervention investigations on EPA+DHA, cellular phospholipid membrane content, a controlled randomized study, is vital to further validate the similarity effects of EPA+DHA from both YSS and salmon intake.

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