Physicochemical characterization of palladium-, platinum-, silver-doped magnesia nanoparticles and in vitro cytotoxicity in A549 (lung) and HT29 (colon) cancer cell lines

Cancers are one of the main causes of death in the developed countries. Currently, there is ongoing search for innovative therapeutics and strategies to combat the disease. This study was conducted to prepare three noble metal complexes, namely, palladium-, platinum-, and silver-doped magnesia designated Pt/MgO, Pd/MgO, and Ag/MgO nanoparticles, respectively, and to determine their cytotoxic potentials. These nanoparticles were prepared by hydrothermal impregnation method followed by calcination. The chemical compositions, functional groups, and optical properties of these nanoparticles were determined using X-ray diffraction (XRD), thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), and Brunner-Emmett-Teller (BET) surface area measurements. The sizes, size distribution, and morphology of nanoparticles have been determined by zetasizer. Transmission (TEM) and scanning electron (SEM) microscopy were also used to determine their ultrastructure and estimate the size of the nanoparticles. The cytotoxicity of these nanoparticles against the human colon (HT29) and lung cancer (A549), and normal human colon (CCD-18Co) and lung (MRC-5) cell lines was evaluated using the (4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay. The caspase-3, -8 and -9, activities, and Bax, Bcl-2 and p53 protein expressions were also determined in cancer cells treated with Pt/MgO, Pd/MgO, and AG/MgO nanoparticles. The Pd/MgO, Pt/MgO, and Ag/MgO nanoparticles prepared in this study were pure and crystalline and cuboid in structure with physical and thermal stability. The size of these nanoparticle ranged from 30 to 80 nm. The Pt/MgO, Pd/MgO, and Ag/MgO were relative innocuous to normal cells. However, the nanoparticles variably induced apoptosis of HT29 and A549 cells via the caspase-3/7- and caspase-9-dependent mitochondrial signaling pathway. The Pd/MgO nanoparticles did not induce receptor-mediated (extrinsic) apoptotic pathway in colon cancer HT29 cells. The Ag/MgO nanoparticles had least effect among nanoparticles on the cancer cell receptor-mediated apoptotic pathway. All three nanoparticles expressed pro- apoptotic Bcl-2 protein and induce anti-tumour effect through the activation of the tumour suppressor protein, p53. In conclusion, Pt/MgO, Pd/MgO, and Ag/MgO nanoparticles have anti-colon and anti-lung cancer cell effects through the induction of apoptosis. All three metal- doped nanoparticles have potential to be developed into efficacious anti-cancer compounds.

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