Citation
Abdullahi, Sharif Alhassan
(2019)
Effects of ethanolic extracts from Tinospora crispa (L) Hook.f. & Thomson and Andrographis paniculata (Burm.f.) Nees on the in vitro lytic cycle of Toxoplasma gondii infection.
Doctoral thesis, Universiti Putra Malaysia.
Abstract
Infection with Toxoplasma gondii remains widespread because, water, soil, and food,
serve as major carriers of the sporulated oocyst. The infection is poorly controlled
due to the lack of a potent vaccine against the parasite, and the current medication
presents with severe side effects on the host, less efficacy on the parasite and
accompanied by the potential development of resistance. There is, therefore, the need
to discover and develop better and safer drugs, especially from natural herbs to combat
toxoplasmosis. This study, therefore, evaluated the in vitro activities of ethanolic
extracts of Andrographis paniculata (EEAP) and Tinospora crispa (EETC) on protein
kinases involved in the lytic cycle of T. gondii infection. The EEAP and EETC were
obtained through the maceration of dried leaves and stem powder respectively. Both
EEAP and EETC were subjected to qualitative and quantitative screening for the
detection and estimation of the major phytochemicals. Vero cells infected with the RH
strain of T. gondii were used to evaluate the cytotoxicity and antiparasitic potentials
of the EEAP, EETC, alkaloid, and clindamycin through MTT assay. Microscopy was
used to assess on the effects of the EEAP, EETC, and clindamycin on cell invasion
and intracellular replication of the tachyzoite on treated infected Vero cells at 24 h and
48 h using 4 h and 24 h post-infection models. Using the same treatment models for
both EEAP and EETC, gene expression profiling of the T. gondii protein kinase genes
was determined through quantitative real-time PCR (RT-qPCR) after 24 h of
treatment. The expression of microneme protein was determined through western blot
technique. The EEAP and EETC were found to contain alkaloid, flavonoids, tannins,
terpenoids and glycosides. The EEAP, EETC, and clindamycin were safe to the host
cells while alkaloid presented with moderate cytotoxicity. The EEAP and EETC
showed good anti-parasitic activities against T. gondii than clindamycin and veratrine
alkaloid. Microscopic assessment revealed high %inhibition of infection index and
intracellular replication by the EETC and EEAP in both 24 hour and 48 h treatment
exposure than the clindamycin in both infection models. The RT-qPCR revealed downregulation of most protein kinase genes after treatment with EEAP and EETC in
4 h and 24 h treatment models. The TgCDPK1, TgPKG, TgCDPK7, TgMIC1,
TgMIC2, and TgAMA1 genes that participate in the lytic cycle of T. gondii infection
were downregulated in all treatment conditions. The TgCDPK3 was downregulated in
4 h post-infection treatment but upregulated in EEAP treated group in 24 h postinfection treatment group but is not statistically significant from the control group (P
> 0.05). The TgCDPK6 gene was found to be downregulated, though not significant
from control, in all treatment conditions except for EEAP treatment where it was
significantly upregulated in 24 h post-infection treatment model (P<0.001). The
expressions of the TgMIC1 and TgMIC2 proteins were observed to have decreased in
both 4 h and 24 h post-infection treatment models. The expressions of TgMIC2 were
significantly different from the control. This study showed that the EEAP and EETC
contain promising drug candidates effective against T. gondii and safe to the host cells
and can potentially be used in the future for the development of a potent antitoxoplasma compound that can target the protein kinase genes involved in the lytic
cycle of the T. gondii parasite to prevent disease progression.
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