Citation
Chinajariyawong, Charurat
(2000)
Studies on the Improvement of the Nutritive Value and Utilization of Palm Kernel Cake as a Feed Resource for Ruminants.
Doctoral thesis, Universiti Putra Malaysia.
Abstract
Utilization of palm kernel cake (PKC) as the principal feed for ruminants
was investigated in four studies. The study on the nutritive value showed that
PKC·solvent extracted (PKC·S) and PKC·expeller pressed (PKC·E) contained
similar amounts of OM, CP, CF and ADL. PKC·E had higher OM. EE and GE
but lower NFE, NDF. ADF and shell contents. Amounts of Ca. P. Cu and Zn
were similar in both types ofPKC, but Na was higher and Mg was lower in PKCS.
Ruminal pH. NH3-N concentration. molar proportions of YF A and passage
rates of liquid and small digesta particles in cattle fed either PKC·S or PKC·E
were similar. Total YF A concentration was higher in cattle fed PKC·S. Effective
OM and OM degradabilities were lower in animals fed PKC-S. but degradatIOn rates were similar. PKC-E contained more soluble fractions than PKC-S. CP of
PKC-S was more soluble. but its effective degradability and degradation rate
were similar to that of PKC-E.
The study on the effects of formaldehyde treatments on CP degradability
of both types of PKC showed that CP degradability decreased with increasing
levels of formaldehyde. Acid-pepsin digestibility showed no difference in CP
digestibility among untreated and formaldehyde-treated PKC up to 2.5g/l OOg CP.
The study on the effects of PKC and formaldehyde treatment on the
performance and nutrient utilization of cattle showed that feed intake was lower
in cattle fed PKC-E, but growth rates and feed per gain ratios did not differ from
those fed PKC-S. Formaldehyde-treated (2g/100g CP) PKC gave poorer growth
rates and feed conversion ratios when compared to untreated PKC. Types of PKC
and formaldehyde treatment did not affect the nutrient digestibility. but PKC-E
gave lower N retention. Formaldehyde had no effect on N retention.
In the final study, lambs fed PKC + 15% grass showed improvement in
intakes and growth rates. Urea at either 0.5 or 1.0%. had no effect on feed intakes
and feed conversion ratios. However. growth rates of lambs fed PKC + 0.5% urea
were higher compared to other groups. Lambs fed PKC plus 15% grass and 0.5%
urea had the highest intake and growth rate. Carcass traits were not affected by
urea but grass supplementation reduced dressing percent and kidney fat of lambs
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