Anti-nociceptive and anti-inflammatory properties of Melicope ptelefolia Champ ex Benth ethanolic extract

Melicope ptelefolia, locally known as ‘tenggek burung’, is consumed for various purposes in folk medicine such as treating fever, pain, wounds and itches. In present study, investigation of anti-nociceptive and anti-inflammatory properties of MPEE was conducted in nociception and inflammation-induced murine models, respectively. The anti-nociceptive activity of the extract was assessed using acetic acid-induced abdominal writhing, hot plate and formalin-induced paw licking tests. Meanwhile, studies on inhibition of acute inflammation and underlying mechanisms were conducted via paw edema model, using 1% carrageenan and different inflammatory mediators as edemogen. Investigation on the potent anti-inflammatory effects was also conducted on cotton pellet induced granuloma test models. Toxicity analysis of MPEE was also conducted. Oral administration of MPEE produced significant dose-dependent anti-nociceptive effects when tested in mice and rats using acetic acid-induced abdominal constrictiontest and on the second phase of the formalin induced paw licking test, respectively. It was also demonstrated that MPEE had no effect on the response latency time to the heat stimulus in the thermal model of the hot-plate test. Additionally, MPEE anti-nociception was not reversed by pre-administration of naloxone. MPEE anti-nociception mechanism of action was demonstrated on the inhibition of glutamate induced paw licking test but not capsaicin. For anti-inflammatory activity, ethanol extract of Melicope ptelefolia significantly inhibited formation of edema throughout 390 minutes of edema formation. For inflammatory mediators - induced paw edema test, MPEE showed significant reduction in histamine (66.67%), serotonin (54.9%), arachidonic acid (65.63%), and prostaglandin (40%) - induced paw edema test. For chronic inflammatory test model, highest concentration of MPEE (300 mg/kg, p.o) inhibited both wet and dry weight of cotton pellet while not significantly elevating the value of three biochemical markers (ALT, ALP and total protein). Furthermore, oral administration of MPEE did not produce any significant effect on balance and motor coordination in rotarod test. In acute toxicity study, sign of toxicity was detected in liver tissue for dose of 1000 mg/kg MPEE. These results indicated that MPEE at all investigated doses exerted pronounced anti-nociceptive activity that acts peripherally in experimental animals and did not produce any effects on motor corrdination and balance. MPEE also is considered safe until the concentration of 300 mg/kg.

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