Citation
Mohamad Zen, Nur Izzati
(2016)
Effects of formulation composition on hardness and friability of okara tablet using different chemometric methods.
Masters thesis, Universiti Putra Malaysia.
Abstract
The usage of soy is keep on increasing year by year. It increases the problem of
financial crisis and environmental pollution due to large amount of waste produced
every year. Therefore, the nutrients of soy residue called Okara were studied and
developed to become a beneficial waste. The used Okara was dried using a freeze dryer
at -105°C to avoid from microbial growth which may cause contamination. The results
of proximate analysis show that, the dried Okara contain about 21.78±1.06% of
protein, 3.43±0.22% of fats, 15.82±0.79% of fiber, 3.53±0.12% of ash and
10.87±0.55% of moisture. The total phenolic content (antioxidant) in Okara is
0.86±0.39 GAE mg/100g of Okara. The major aim of this study is to investigate the
effect of ingredient towards the tablet physical properties. The Okara tablets were
produced using the direct compression method. Four inputs were studied; the
percentage of Okara (A), maltodextrin (B), guar gum (C) and microcrystalline cellulose
(D) toward the tablets‘ hardness and friability using three statistical software methods;
D-optimal mixture design, artificial neural network (ANN), and wavelet neural
network (WNN). For comparison study of D-optimal mixture design, ANN and WNN,
data sets from mixture design were adopted for predicting the hardness and friability of
tablet based on optimal composition ingredient which are 30.608% of A, 15.000% of
B, 5.764% of C, and 46.628% of D. Based on RMSE, R2, and AAD values, ANN has
shown the topology of GA which gave the best performance in both hardness and
friability studies. The best architecture of hardness response is GA-4-12-1 with
importance of variables; 24.79% of A, 27.45% of B, 22.37% of C, and 25.39% of D.
On the other hand, the best architecture of friability response is GA-4-1-1 with
importance of variables; 10.59% of A, 2.73% of B, 18.49% of C, and 68.49% of D.
The order of overall prediction ability for hardness response is ANN-GA>MD>WNNGA,
while for friability response is ANN-GA>WNN-GA>MD. Finally for safety
procedure, heavy metal tests and microbiological tests were carried out. The results
show satisfactory level for both heavy metals and microbes. Thus, the Okara tablet
formulation was successfully optimized using different chemometric method and
excellent for nutraceutical industry.
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