UPM Institutional Repository

Synthesis of biodiesel from palm fatty acid distillate using sulfonated palm seed cake catalyst


Citation

Akinfalabi, Shehu-Ibrahim and Rashid, Umer and Yunus, Robiah and Taufiq-Yap, Yun Hin (2017) Synthesis of biodiesel from palm fatty acid distillate using sulfonated palm seed cake catalyst. Renewable Energy, 111. 611 - 619. ISSN 0960-1481; ESSN: 1879-0682

Abstract

The use of a sulfonated soaked palm seed cake (SPSC-SO3H) derived catalyst for the production of biodiesel from palm fatty acid distillate (PFAD) (the byproduct obtained during palm oil production) has been demonstrated. The activated carbon material from the soaked palm seed cake (SPSC) was sulfonated and then used for the esterification of PFAD (containing 85% of free fatty acid (FFA), 10% of triglycerides, 3% of diglycerides, 0.3% of monoglycerides and some traces of impurities). The synthesized SPSC-SO3H catalyst was characterized using powder X-ray diffraction (XRD), Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET), fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, field emission scanning electron microscope (FESEM), NH3-temperature programmed desorption (NH3-TPD), N2 physisorption and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). The SPSC-SO3H catalyst showed higher acid density (12.08 mmol g−1) and surface area (483.07 m2 g−1). The optimized reaction conditions, i.e. 9:1 methanol/PFAD molar ratio; 60 °C reaction temperature; 2.5 wt.% of the SPSC-SO3H catalyst and 2 h of reaction time was employed to achieve FFA conversion (98.2%) and FAME yield (97.8%). The SPSC-SO3H catalyst underwent eight reaction cycles and catalytic activity was dropped by 24% during recyclability study. The SPSC-SO3H catalyst demonstrates a promising and effective application for biodiesel synthesis especially for feedstocks containing high free fatty acid content.


Download File

[img]
Preview
Text (Abstract)
Synthesis of biodiesel from palm fatty acid distillate using sulfonated palm seed cake catalyst.pdf

Download (107kB) | Preview

Additional Metadata

Item Type: Article
Divisions: Faculty of Engineering
Faculty of Science
Institute of Advanced Technology
DOI Number: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2017.04.056
Publisher: Elsevier
Keywords: Palm seed cake; Palm fatty acid distillate; Heterogeneous catalyst; Sulfonation; Reusability; Biodiesel
Depositing User: Mohd Hafiz Che Mahasan
Date Deposited: 16 Oct 2018 00:30
Last Modified: 16 Oct 2018 00:30
Altmetrics: http://www.altmetric.com/details.php?domain=psasir.upm.edu.my&doi=10.1016/j.renene.2017.04.056
URI: http://psasir.upm.edu.my/id/eprint/63363
Statistic Details: View Download Statistic

Actions (login required)

View Item View Item