Socio-demographic risk factors of pulmonary tuberculosis: a case-control study in Yobe State, Nigeria

Background: There are many socio-demographic risk factors for pulmonary tuberculosis (PTB), however there are limited studies done in Yobe. Objective: To determine the socio-demographic risk factors associated with confirmed tuberculosis patients attending government hospitals in Yobe. Methods: This was hospital based, an unmatched case-control study. A case was defined as individual age 18-75 years with at least two positive sputum smears for mycobacterium tuberculosis. Systematic sampling was used to select cases. Control was defined as individual age 18-75 years attending the selected hospitals without laboratory evidence of active TB. Controls were selected using simple random sampling. A pre-tested self-administered questionnaire in English and Hausa languages was employed to obtain information about socio-demographic characteristics of the respondents. Analysis was done using PASW version 21. Results: There were 346 patients with 173 cases and 173 controls. The risk factors observed were individual income per month ₦1000 – 50,000 (AOR 6.213, 95%CI: 1.208, 31.950) and being male (AOR 2.728, 95%CI: 1.625, 4.580). Some other significant risk factors included rural area (AOR 2.662, 95%CI: 1.604, 4.417), lower education level (AOR 1.802, 95%CI: 1.041, 3.120) and having age >37years (AOR 1.724, 95%CI: 1.034, 2.877). Conclusion: Several risk factors have been identified among TB patients. For TB control, emphasis should be given to health education especially among the high risk group of lower income, lower education, males, living in rural areas and being more than 37 years is needful to reduce TB infection among the study population.

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