Dietary haem-iron and iron supplementation in the third trimester are associated with gestational diabetes mellitus risk: cross-sectional analysis of a prospective study

Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) poses significant short- and long-term risks to both mother and foetus. Understanding how maternal iron intake from foods and supplements influences GDM risk is crucial. This study assessed the relationship between iron intake and GDM risk through a cross-sectional analysis of 632 Malaysian pregnant women attending antenatal check-ups. Dietary iron intake was measured using a semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire that included 135 commonly consumed Malaysian foods and beverages. Multivariate logistic analysis examined the associations between total iron, dietary haem-iron and non-haem-iron, iron supplements, and GDM risk. Logistic models with interaction terms assessed the interaction between iron intake and third trimester haemoglobin (Hb) levels on GDM risk. Results showed that in the third trimester, total iron intake, particularly from haem-iron and iron supplements, was significantly associated with increased GDM risk. High intakes of total iron and haem-iron were linked to higher GDM risk in women with high Hb levels, while iron supplements were associated with higher GDM risk in women with low Hb levels.

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