Genomic characterization of Burkholderia glumae K6 and B. gladioli UPMBG7: causal agents of bacterial panicle blight in Malaysia

Bacterial panicle blight (BPB), caused by Burkholderia glumae and B. gladioli, is a major threat to rice in Malaysia, with potential yield losses up to 75%. In June 2021, BPB symptoms were detected in Kedah rice fields. Isolates were identified through phenotypic traits, pathogenicity tests, and molecular analysis (16S rRNA and gyrB sequencing). Whole-genome sequencing of B. glumae K6 and B. gladioli UPMBG7 was performed using the Illumina NovaSeq 6000 platform. The assembled draft genome of B. glumae K6 contained 210 contigs, with a total genome size of 6.57 Mbp, 68.33% G + C content, and 5,641 coding sequences (CDS). It harbored toxoflavin biosynthesis genes (toxABCDE, toxJ) and a Type III secretion system (T3SS), contributing to its pathogenicity. B. gladioli UPMBG7 contained 124 contigs, with a total genome size of 8.22 Mbp, G + C content of 67.99, and 7,022 coding proteins. B. gladioli lacked the toxI gene for toxoflavin production but compensated with pyoverdine siderophore genes (pvdA), which facilitate iron acquisition. These findings highlight divergent infection mechanisms, with B. glumae relying on toxoflavin-mediated virulence and B. gladioli on resource competition. The genomic insights support the development of resistant rice cultivars, biological controls, and molecular diagnostics to improve BPB management in Malaysia.

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