Citation
Muti'ah, Titik
(2009)
Relationships Between Maternal Antenatal Attachment, Toddler Temperament, Maternal Sensitivity And Toddler Attachment Security In Yogyakarta, Indonesia.
PhD thesis, Universiti Putra Malaysia.
Abstract
The mother-toddler relationship as an important aspect for further child’s
development of secure attachment has not been detail studied in Indonesia. This
study has been conducted to investigate the relationships between maternal antenatal
attachment, toddler temperament, maternal sensitivity and toddler security
attachment in Yogyakarta, Indonesia. Mixed methods approach (quantitative,
qualitative) and design (cross-sectional and retrospective methods) was adopted in
this study to examine the relationship among variables. Eighty-four pairs of mothers
and toddler dyads participated as the respondents in this study. Data were collected
using combination of observation, interviews, self-reports and questionnaire.
Observation method was applied to obtain data on toddler attachment security and
maternal sensitivity using TAS-45 (Toddler Attachment Sort) and MBQS (Maternal
Behavior Q-Sort). Interview method was applied to measure the maternal antenatal
attachment to the unborn baby using the modified of Condon’s MAAS (Maternal
Antenatal Attachment Scale). The toddler temperament and maternal antenatal attachment of childhood were determined from the respondent’s score through the
Toddler Temperament Scale (TTS) and Perception of Adult Attachment
Questionnaire (PAAQ). Eleven mothers have been selected for the in-depthinterview
to understand further the phenomena and enhance the interpretation of the
quantitative finding. The results obtained from the quantitative approach showed
that child sex, family income, mother education, maternal antenatal attachment
(28.7%), activity dimension of toddler temperament (16.1%) and maternal sensitivity
(46%) have contributed significantly (62.2%) to the variance in the toddler
attachment security. Other temperament dimensions (regularity, approach,
adaptability, mood, intensity, distractibility, persistence, threshold, reactivity and
self-regulation) did not show any significant relationships with other independent
and dependent variables. However, the qualitative findings revealed a pattern of
relationship between maternal antenatal attachment developed during her childhood
experiences, maternal antenatal contextual factors as well as toddler temperament
and toddler attachment security. The toddler attachment security in Indonesia
showed the same pattern as the Asian proportion of attachment style. This research
study has supported the applicability of attachment theory in maternal and toddlers
secure attachment in Indonesian culture. The quality of maternal attachment and
behaviors as primary caregiver must be provided from the time of conception
(antenatal period) and maintained during the toddler development. The maternal
antenatal attachment and toddler characteristic had profound and durable effects on
the toddler attachment security and mental health. The result of this study adds to
our understanding of the mother’s role in promoting and maintaining of healthy and
secure child attachment.
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