Is low self-compassion characteristic of ICD-11 complex PTSD? further investigation using cross-cultural samples

Citation

Fung, Hong Wang and Cheung, Cherry Tin Yan and Chau, Anson Kai Chun and Huang, Chak Hei Ocean and Reyes, Marc Eric S. and Jaya, Edo S. and Mukhtar, Firdaus and Zhe Lian, Amos En and Derin, Görkem and Bengwasan, Peejay D. and Kuriala, Georgekutty Kochuchakkalackal and Uludag, Kadir and Hartanto, Steffi and Dewantary, Nimaz Indryastuti and Novrianto, Riangga and Lam, Stanley Kam Ki and Yuan, Guangzhe Frank (2025) Is low self-compassion characteristic of ICD-11 complex PTSD? further investigation using cross-cultural samples. Journal of Psychiatric Research, 193. pp. 15-18. ISSN 0022-3956; eISSN: 1879-1379 (In Press)

Abstract

Complex posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a prevalent, persistent, and disabling trauma disorder newly recognized in ICD-11. Some recent studies suggested that complex PTSD symptoms are negatively associated with self-compassion. This cross-regional study further examined whether low self-compassion would be characteristic of individuals with ICD-11 complex PTSD across cultures. An international sample of 995 female mental health service users completed validated measures of childhood trauma, complex PTSD, and self-compassion (22.7 % came from Western countries, 77.3 % from non-Western countries [mainly Asian countries, including Malaysia, Indonesia, Singapore, India, Philippines]). One-way ANCOVA showed that, compared with participants with and without PTSD, participants with complex PTSD reported the lowest levels of self-compassion, after controlling for the effects of childhood trauma. The results are consistent in both Western and non-Western samples. This study shows that individuals with probable ICD-11 complex PTSD are characterized by low levels of self-compassion across cultures. Interventions targeting self-compassion should be integrated into the prevention and treatment of ICD-11 complex PTSD.

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Additional Metadata

Item Type:	Article
Subject:	Psychiatry and Mental Health
Subject:	Biological Psychiatry
Divisions:	Faculty of Medicine and Health Science
DOI Number:	https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpsychires.2025.11.007
Publisher:	Elsevier
Keywords:	Childhood trauma; Complex post-traumatic stress disorder (CPTSD); Cross-cultural psychiatry; Self-compassion
Depositing User:	Ms. Che Wa Zakaria
Date Deposited:	16 Jan 2026 02:53
Last Modified:	16 Jan 2026 02:53
Altmetrics:	http://www.altmetric.com/details.php?domain=psasir.upm.edu.my&doi=10.1016/j.jpsychires.2025.11.007
URI:	http://psasir.upm.edu.my/id/eprint/122241
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