Influence of residual palm oil in pressed mesocarp fiber on extracellular enzyme secretion and morphological characteristics of fungal biomass during solid-state fermentation

Oil palm mesocarp fiber, a lignocellulosic by-product of the crude palm oil extraction process, contains residual oil within its fibrous matrix. While mesocarp fiber from oil-bearing fruits has gained attention as a carbon source in solid-state fermentation, the role of residual oil in microbial adaptation and enzyme secretion remains unclear. This study examines the effect of residual oil on enzyme production by comparing oily mesocarp fiber (OMF) and deoiled mesocarp fiber (DeMF) as solid matrices for solid-state fermentation using Trichoderma reesei RUT-C30. Lipase and (hemi)cellulolytic enzyme activities were assessed under varying moisture content and pH conditions alongside fungal biomass morphology. OMF promoted higher lipase production, reaching 24.79 IU per gram dry solid (GDS) at a 1:3.5 solid-to-liquid ratio (SLR). In comparison, DeMF enhanced (hemi)cellulolytic enzyme activity, with CMCase peaking at a 1:1.5 SLR, while xylanase and β-glucosidase activity peaking at pH 7.5 under buffered conditions. Furthermore, residual oil exhibited an antifungal effect at pH 7.5, reducing fungal biomass and extracellular enzyme yields. These findings provide valuable insights into the role of residual oil in solid-state fermentation, highlighting its dual function as a lipase inducer and a potential inhibitor under certain conditions.

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