Citation
Abstract
Software-Defined Wide Area Networks (SD-WANs) require optimal controller placement to minimize latency, balance loads, and ensure reliability across geographically distributed infrastructures. This paper introduces NA-GMM (Network-Aware Gaussian Mixture Model), a novel multi-objective optimization framework addressing key limitations in current controller placement approaches. Three principal contributions distinguish NA-GMM: (1) a hybrid distance metric that integrates geographic distance, network latency, topological cost, and link reliability through adaptive weighting, effectively capturing multi-dimensional network characteristics; (2) a modified expectation–maximization algorithm incorporating node importance-weighting to optimize controller placements for critical network elements; and (3) a robust clustering mechanism that transitions from probabilistic (soft) assignments to definitive (hard) cluster selections, ensuring optimal placement convergence. Empirical evaluations on real-world topologies demonstrate NA-GMM’s superiority, achieving up to 22.7% lower average control latency compared to benchmark approaches, maintaining near-optimal load distribution with node distribution ratios, and delivering a 12.9% throughput improvement. Furthermore, NA-GMM achieved exquisite computational efficiency, executing 68.9% faster and consuming 41.5% less memory than state of the art methods, while achieving exceptional load balancing. These findings confirm NA-GMM’s practical viability for large-scale SD-WAN deployments where real-time multi-objective optimization is essential.
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Official URL or Download Paper: https://www.mdpi.com/2079-9292/14/15/3044
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Additional Metadata
| Item Type: | Article |
|---|---|
| Divisions: | Faculty of Engineering Institute for Mathematical Research |
| DOI Number: | https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics14153044 |
| Publisher: | Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (MDPI) |
| Keywords: | Software-Definedwide Area Networks; Multi-objective optimization; Controller placement problem; Gaussian Mixture Models; Load balancing |
| Depositing User: | MS. HADIZAH NORDIN |
| Date Deposited: | 16 Feb 2026 03:37 |
| Last Modified: | 16 Feb 2026 03:37 |
| Altmetrics: | http://www.altmetric.com/details.php?domain=psasir.upm.edu.my&doi=10.3390/electronics14153044 |
| URI: | http://psasir.upm.edu.my/id/eprint/120770 |
| Statistic Details: | View Download Statistic |
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