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Network-aware Gaussian mixture models for multi-objective SD-WAN controller placement


Citation

Abdulghani, Abdulrahman M. and Abdullah, Azizol and Rahiman, Amir Rizaan and Abdul Hamid, Nor Asilah Wati and Akram, Bilal Omar (2025) Network-aware Gaussian mixture models for multi-objective SD-WAN controller placement. Electronics (Switzerland), 14 (15). art. no. 3044. ISSN 2079-9292

Abstract

Software-Defined Wide Area Networks (SD-WANs) require optimal controller placement to minimize latency, balance loads, and ensure reliability across geographically distributed infrastructures. This paper introduces NA-GMM (Network-Aware Gaussian Mixture Model), a novel multi-objective optimization framework addressing key limitations in current controller placement approaches. Three principal contributions distinguish NA-GMM: (1) a hybrid distance metric that integrates geographic distance, network latency, topological cost, and link reliability through adaptive weighting, effectively capturing multi-dimensional network characteristics; (2) a modified expectation–maximization algorithm incorporating node importance-weighting to optimize controller placements for critical network elements; and (3) a robust clustering mechanism that transitions from probabilistic (soft) assignments to definitive (hard) cluster selections, ensuring optimal placement convergence. Empirical evaluations on real-world topologies demonstrate NA-GMM’s superiority, achieving up to 22.7% lower average control latency compared to benchmark approaches, maintaining near-optimal load distribution with node distribution ratios, and delivering a 12.9% throughput improvement. Furthermore, NA-GMM achieved exquisite computational efficiency, executing 68.9% faster and consuming 41.5% less memory than state of the art methods, while achieving exceptional load balancing. These findings confirm NA-GMM’s practical viability for large-scale SD-WAN deployments where real-time multi-objective optimization is essential.


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Additional Metadata

Item Type: Article
Divisions: Faculty of Engineering
Institute for Mathematical Research
DOI Number: https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics14153044
Publisher: Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (MDPI)
Keywords: Software-Definedwide Area Networks; Multi-objective optimization; Controller placement problem; Gaussian Mixture Models; Load balancing
Depositing User: MS. HADIZAH NORDIN
Date Deposited: 16 Feb 2026 03:37
Last Modified: 16 Feb 2026 03:37
Altmetrics: http://www.altmetric.com/details.php?domain=psasir.upm.edu.my&doi=10.3390/electronics14153044
URI: http://psasir.upm.edu.my/id/eprint/120770
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