Structural and functional characterization of green-synthesized zinc oxide nanoparticles for biomedical applications

Nanotechnology has significantly advanced biomedical applications, particularly in cancer therapy, by enabling precise and efficient drug delivery systems. In this study, zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO-NPs) were synthesized via a green, eco-friendly method using the leaf extract of Anethum graveolens (dill) as a natural reducing and stabilizing agent. The synthesized ZnO-NPs were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), ultraviolet-visible (UV-Vis) spectroscopy, and scanning electron microscopy (SEM), confirming their crystalline structure, functional groups, and nanoscale morphology with particle sizes ranging from 10 to 30 nm. The anticancer activity of ZnO-NPs was evaluated in vitro against LS 174 T human colorectal adenocarcinoma cells using the MTT assay. The results showed a dose-dependent cytotoxic effect, with a notably lower IC₅₀ value (4.9 µg/mL) compared to the standard chemotherapeutic agent 5-fluorouracil (5-FU), which had an IC₅₀ of 16.83 µg/mL. The enhanced cytotoxicity was attributed to the high surface area and reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation by the nanoparticles, leading to apoptosis-mediated cell death. These findings suggest that A. graveolens-mediated ZnO-NPs represent a potent, green-engineered nanoplatform for targeted colorectal cancer therapy and warrant further investigation into their mechanistic pathways and clinical potential.

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