Synthesis, properties, and applications of polyaniline–graphene quantum dot nanocomposites: comprehensive review

Polyaniline (PANI), graphene quantum dots (GQD), and their combination have attracted considerable interest within the nanotechnology field for a multitude of uses, such as in sensors, biosensors, solar cells, supercapacitors, optoelectronic and photonic devices, and coating. However, a substantial gap exists in the research of PANI–GQD nanocomposites for several applications. PANI is a polymeric material with a chain backbone featuring high π-conjugation, which is associated with magnetic, optical, metallic, and electronic properties. GQD is a 0D quantum dot (QD) material that appears as tiny graphene pieces (2–5 nm) with unique optical, luminescent, electronic, semiconducting, biocompatible, and exceptional photostable properties, which can counteract photobleaching and blinking. It also has low toxicity due to edge effects and quantum confinement. A functional QD can exhibit van der Waals and π–π* association interactions with the conjugated polymer backbone and electrostatic properties. The uniform diffusion of GQD in PANI can result in a distinctive morphological structure, providing high sensitivity, selectivity, flexibility, specific surface area, capacitance, electrochemical catalytic activity, photovoltaic properties, and optical and electrical properties. For the first time, this review presents the comprehensive developments in the preparation, properties, and characterization of PANI–GQD nanocomposites for various applications, which are tabulated separately.

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