Citation
Abstract
Motor vehicles emit most Malaysian PAHs in particulate matter of 2.5 μm (PM2.5-bound PAHs). Although traffic-related air pollution harms healthy people, there is a knowledge gap regarding PAHs’ effects on Malaysians. This study examines PM2.5-bound PAH concentrations, distribution, sources, and health risks in Malaysia’s high and low-traffic zones. Kuala Lumpur (KL) and Hulu Langat (HL) exhibit Malaysia’s high- and low-traffic areas. The high-volume air sampler collected 40 ambient PM2.5 samples at both locations. Solid-phase extraction and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) assessed PAHs. The mean PM2.5-bound PAH concentrations in KL (5.85 ng m-3) were significantly higher than in HL (0.55 ng m-3) (p<0.001). KL has nine times more low-molecular-weight PAHs (LMW-PAHs) (2.63 vs. 0.27 ng m-3) and eleven times more high-molecular-weight PAHs (HMW-PAHs) (3.22 vs. 0.28 ng m-3) than HL. Over 51% of PM2.5 air samples at both sites included HMW-PAHs. Source apportionment tools (Diagnostic ratio, positive matrix factorization, and principal component analysis) showed that fossil fuel combustions (petrol and diesel) produced the greatest PAHs in both locations. Moreover, PAH exposure impinged higher carcinogenic health risks in KL than in HL. In conclusion, traffic and automobile pollution account for the short- and long-term health risks posed by PAHs in both regions.
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Additional Metadata
Item Type: | Article |
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Divisions: | Faculty of Medicine and Health Science Malaysian Research Institute on Ageing |
DOI Number: | https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0315439 |
Publisher: | Public Library of Science |
Keywords: | Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs); Particulate Matter (PM2.5); Traffic volume; Air pollution; Urban areas; Rural areas; Malaysia; Kuala Lumpur; Hulu Langat; Health risks; Carcinogenic; Source apportionment; Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS); Solid-phase extraction; Fossil fuel combustion; Low-Molecular-Weight PAHs (LMW-PAHs); High-Molecular-Weight PAHs (HMW-PAHs); Diagnostic ratio; Positive matrix factorization; Principal component analysis |
Depositing User: | Ms. Nur Faseha Mohd Kadim |
Date Deposited: | 03 Jun 2025 07:37 |
Last Modified: | 03 Jun 2025 07:37 |
Altmetrics: | http://www.altmetric.com/details.php?domain=psasir.upm.edu.my&doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0315439 |
URI: | http://psasir.upm.edu.my/id/eprint/117642 |
Statistic Details: | View Download Statistic |
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