What it takes to control plant pathogenic fungi using Chitosan and Chitosan-based nanoparticles in the twenty-first century

The use of nanoparticles is a safe approach that offers a novel control method against different fungal pathogens affecting plants. The negative impacts of chemical fungicides worldwide have compelled the utilization of new strategies to manage plant diseases. The use of nanoparticles in plant protection offers target delivery, strong efficacy, and unique mechanisms of action with low toxic impacts. Chitosan has attracted attention as a result of its desirable qualities and antimicrobial activities. Chitosan nanoparticles alone or when coupled with other compounds (active ingredients) provided a great effect against plant pathogenic fungi. It gives two benefits (disease control and improving the defense mechanisms in the host). Because of the need for natural antimicrobial agents that could minimize the negative effects of chemical pesticides. This work aimed to explore the unique properties of chitosan and the antifungal potentialities of chitosan-based and chitosan nanoparticles alone against several fungal phytopathogens. In addition, the mechanisms of action against different fungal pathogens and biosafety are also extensively discussed. The use of chitosan and chitosan-based nanotechnological approaches has been promising for the management of fungal pathogens affecting varieties of plant species; this method is considered safe for the environment and the host plants.

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