Performance of Alkyl β-D-maltosides in molecular self-assembly and formation of oil-in-water nanoemulsions as drug delivery systems

Alkyl β-D-maltosides (C8-C12) are nonionic sugar-based surfactants and categorized as oil-in-water (O/W) emulsifiers with hydrophilic-lipophilic balance (HLB) between 13 and 15. The self-assembly of the alkyl β-D-maltosides was investigated in binary (surfactants and water) and ternary (surfactants, oil and water) systems as single and mixed nonionic surfactants with Tween 80 (T80, C18:1). The critical aggregation concentration (CAC) of alkyl β-D-maltosides/water and T80/alkyl β-D-maltosides/water decreased as the alkyl chain length of alkyl β-D-maltosides increased. The nanoemulsion systems of T80/alkyl β-D-maltosides/medium-chain triglycerides (MCT) oil/water were formulated with and without cyclosporine (CsA) as the hydrophobic model drug by the phase inversion composition (PIC) method. The particle size and polydispersity index (PDI) decreased in the following order: T80/OM > T80/DM > T80 > T80/DDM. Significantly, the hydrophobic effect in mixed nonionic surfactants was strongest for DDM by enhancing the stability of T80 nanoemulsion in molecular self-assembly. The nanoemulsions were homogenous in size, ellipsoidal and spherical in shape and stable at room temperature for 28 days. The T80/DDM nanoemulsion also improved the cumulative CsA released in 24 h at 98.33 ± 7.72% and had no cytotoxicity effect (IC50) up to 500 mg/mL concentration against 3T3 cells.

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