Citation
Abstract
This study aims to synthesize α,β-unsaturated carbonyl compounds with branched structures via aldol condensation of furfural and 2-butanone using magnesium–aluminum (MgAl) mixed oxides as heterogeneous acid–base catalysts. Regarding the molecular structure of 2-butanone, there are two possible enolate ions generated by subtracting the α-hydrogen atoms at the methyl or methylene groups of 2-butanone. The branched-chain C9 products, derived from the methylene enolate ion, can be applied as bio-jet fuel precursors. The most suitable catalyst, contributing the highest furfural conversion (63%) and selectivity of the branched-chain C9 products (77%), is LDO3, the mixed oxides with 3:1 Mg:Al atomic ratio, with a high surface area and a large number of medium basic sites. The suitable reaction conditions to produce the branched-chain C9 ketones are 1:5 furfural:2-butanone molar ratio, 5 wt.% catalyst loading, 120 °C reaction temperature, and 8 h reaction time. Additionally, this study investigates the adsorption of 2-butanone onto a mixed oxide using in situ Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy; the results of which suggest that the methylene enolate of 2-butanone is the likely dominant surface intermediate at elevated temperatures. Accordingly, the calculation, based on density functional theory, indicates that the methylene enolate ion of 2-butanone is the kinetically favorable intermediate on an MgO(100) as a model oxide surface.
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Official URL or Download Paper: https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4344/13/2/242
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Additional Metadata
Item Type: | Article |
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Divisions: | Institute of Advanced Technology |
DOI Number: | https://doi.org/10.3390/catal13020242 |
Publisher: | Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute |
Keywords: | Layered double hydroxides; Furfural; 2-Butanone; Aldol condensation; Acid–base properties |
Depositing User: | Ms. Nur Faseha Mohd Kadim |
Date Deposited: | 19 Aug 2024 04:03 |
Last Modified: | 19 Aug 2024 04:03 |
Altmetrics: | http://www.altmetric.com/details.php?domain=psasir.upm.edu.my&doi=10.3390/catal13020242 |
URI: | http://psasir.upm.edu.my/id/eprint/109273 |
Statistic Details: | View Download Statistic |
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