Mixed convection hybrid nanofluid flow over a stationary permeable vertical cone with thermal radiation and convective boundary condition

<jats:title>Abstract</jats:title><jats:p>Many real‐world devices, such as heat exchangers, geothermal reservoirs, and cooling systems, utilize the concept of boundary layer flow across a cone geometry. The current study presents and analyses the mathematical formulation for the mixed convection flow of a hybrid nanofluid over a permeable stationary cone. The heat transfer analysis considers the effects of thermal radiation and convective boundary condition. Numerical and statistical analyses of this flow problem yield new, physically significant results. The numerical analysis is carried out using the bvp4c solver in Matlab. Similarity transformations are performed to obtain a system of nonlinear ordinary differential equations from the governing partial differential equations and boundary conditions. In both assisting and opposing flows, spherical‐ and platelet‐shaped nanoparticles are observed to produce the lowest and highest local skin friction coefficient, respectively. The spherical‐ and blade‐shaped nanoparticles also offer the highest and lowest local Nusselt number, respectively, with a difference of 6.4% (assisting) and 6.03% (opposing). Meanwhile, the increase in the mixed convection parameter raised the velocity profile but diminished the temperature profile of the hybrid nanofluid. Then, the relationship of the Biot number , suction , and thermal radiation ) parameters with the local Nusselt number is investigated through the response surface methodology (RSM). The local Nusselt number for the current flow problem is estimated to be maximized at 0.814323 (assisting) and 0.814629 (opposing) when these parameters are at the highest range of , , and . Several researchers had presented experimental studies conducted at different temperatures (15, 25, 35°C), mass flow rates (ranging from 0.00076 to 0.041 kg/s), and nanoparticle concentrations (0.387, 0.992, 3.12, 4.71 mass%).</jats:p>

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