Citation
Abstract
This study aims to transform a hydrogel functionalized with phosphotungstic acid and niobium oxide into a carbon cryogel, serving as an efficient catalyst for converting oil palm mesocarp fiber to levulinic acid using microwave technology. The lignin-gum hydrogel exhibits desirable properties, including a moderately high swelling ratio (10.3 g/g), water absorption capacity (220 ), robust crosslinking (71.7 yield), and notable compressive strength (0.8 MPa at 90 strain). The swollen state of the hydrogel, with an average pore size of 2.5–4.0 μm, enhances microwave energy penetration into the biomass matrix. This work offers an alternative approach to enhance biomass conversion, utilizing lignin-derived cryogel with impressive levulinic acid yield (18.4 ) and conversion efficiency (81 ). Testing the hydrogel properties is crucial for ensuring optimal performance during the upgrade to carbon cryogel.
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Additional Metadata
Item Type: | Article |
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Divisions: | Faculty of Science |
DOI Number: | https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biteb.2023.101750 |
Publisher: | Elsevier |
Keywords: | Carbon; Compression strength; Light absorption; Pore size; Water absorption; Carbon; Compressive strength; Conversion efficiency; Hydrogels; Light absorption; Lignin; Niobium oxide; Palm oil; Pore size; Water absorption; A-carbon; Carbon cryogel; Efficient catalysts; Functionalized; Levulinic acid; Microwave energies; Microwave technology; Oil palm; Phosphotungstic acid; Property; Organic acids |
Depositing User: | Mohamad Jefri Mohamed Fauzi |
Date Deposited: | 06 May 2024 08:04 |
Last Modified: | 06 May 2024 08:04 |
Altmetrics: | http://www.altmetric.com/details.php?domain=psasir.upm.edu.my&doi=10.1016/j.biteb.2023.101750 |
URI: | http://psasir.upm.edu.my/id/eprint/105613 |
Statistic Details: | View Download Statistic |
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