Citation
Tan, Poh Lee
(2022)
Characterization of aqueous extract of mangosteen (Garcinia mangostana L.) pericarp and its application in the food system.
Doctoral thesis, Universiti Putra Malaysia.
Abstract
Garcinia mangostana or generally known as mangosteen is one of the abundant plants
utilized in numerous applications. Mangosteen pericarp which is supposedly become
fruit waste is the predominantly part of plants being reviewed. These agro-food residues
are worth to study because it can be one of the attractive sources of polyphenols and to
replace the usage of the synthetic food antioxidants. Once the usage of mangosteen
pericarp has becoming more popular to be investigated, it may bring positive impact in
reducing the environmental pollution. Nevertheless, most of the earlier research on the
extraction of mangosteen pericarp were studied by using solvent extraction methods but
aqueous extraction of the mangosteen pericarp is still scarce. Thus, in this study, aqueous
extraction of mangosteen pericarp was explored with the assisted of enzymes to obtain
the bioactive compounds which can be used in food applications. Firstly, water extraction
of mangosteen pericarp with the assistance of Celluclast® 1.5l and Pectinex Ultra SPL
enzymes was optimized with fractional factorial design by response surface
methodology. Optimized conditions obtained were 1.50% w/w of enzymes
concentration, 18.75 liquid-solid ratio, reaction temperature at 30°C, pH 3 and reaction
time of 30 min and resulted 86.51% of DPPH, 86.77% of ABTS and 21.222 mg GAE/g
of total phenolic content. Optimized mangosteen pericarp extract tentatively being
identified to contain smeaxanthone m/z 395, apigenin-6-C-glucoside m/z 431,
garcimangosone-C m/z 411, α-mangostin m/z 409, gartanin m/z 395, 1,5-dihydroxy-3-
methoxy-2-(3-methyl-2-buten-1-yl)-9H-xanthen-9-one m/z 325, 8-desoxygartanin m/z
379 and γ-mangostin m/z 395 based on different retention times, m/z ratios and fragment
ions identified by LC-MS/MS. Secondly, mangosteen pericarp extract possessed
inhibition activity on four strains of bacteria, Streptococcus pyogenes, Staphylococcus
aureus, Streptococcus mutans and Porphyromonas gingivalis with same MIC and MBC
values at 15.63 μg/mL, 62.50 μg/mL, 125 μg/mL and 125 μg/mL. MTT assay was
performed to evaluate the cytotoxicity level of the mangosteen pericarp extract and the
result obtained showed that the optimized extract was nontoxic to the human embryonic
kidney cell line, HEK293. Thirdly, two types of functional foods were developed, one
was mangosteen pastilles (solid) and another one was mangosteen ready-to-drink beverage (liquid). Three different formulations of functional foods for each category
were developed and physicochemical stability and sensory evaluation were performed
for storage period of 8 weeks. Moisture content, water activity, color, texture profile
analysis and microbiological analysis for the mangosteen pastilles were determined. The
moisture content and water activity of the mangosteen pastilles were decreased during
storage and the color lightness of the mangosteen pastilles was significantly reduced
(p<0.05) during storage stability study. Three formulations of mangosteen pastilles were
proven to be shelf life stable. Formulation A with the highest amount of optimized
mangosteen pericarp extract, gelatin and carrageenan gum has the highest scores for the
aroma, texture, color and overall acceptability. Lastly, pH, total soluble solid, viscosity,
color, microbiological analysis and antioxidant capacity (DPPH, ABTS and total
phenolic content) of the mangosteen ready-to-drink beverage were performed and
observed. A minimal increase in the total soluble solid content and significantly increase
(p<0.05) of pH for the three formulations of mangosteen ready-to-drink beverage was
observed during 8 weeks of storage stability study. For the first 4 weeks of storage, no
microbial count, yeast and mold were detected, however, microbial growth was visible
after storage for 4 weeks. Antioxidant capacities and total phenolic content of the
mangosteen ready-to-drink beverage decreased during storage study. From the result
obtained through the sensory evaluation, there’s no significant difference was seen
among the three formulations of mangosteen ready-to-drink beverage; however, the most
acceptable formulation of the mangosteen ready-to-drink beverage is formulation A
which has the highest amount of optimized mangosteen pericarp extract, mangosteen
puree and apple juice concentrate. Enzyme-assisted water extraction of mangosteen
pericarp is a green technique that is worth to explore especially for food manufacturer.
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