Development of electrochemical sensor based on thiolated calixarene/gold nanoparticle composite for lead and copper ions detection

Heavy metal pollution is one of the global issues as the presence of excessive heavy metal in environment threaten both aquatic life and human beings. A selective and fast response sensor with a rapid detection method is urgent needed for the detection of heavy metal ions. Hence, this study used a thiolated calix[4]arene modified on gold nanoparticles and a screen-printed carbon electrode (TC4/AuNPs/SPCE) for Pb2+and Cu2+ determination. The modified electrodes were characterised via Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), cyclic voltammetry (CV), and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). The modified of thiolated calixarene/gold nanoparticle composite on screen-printed electrode was found enhancing the current response in Pb2+ and Cu2+ determination. Differential pulse anodic stripping voltammetry (DPASV) was used for the detection of Pb2+ and Cu2+ under optimum conditions. The limit of detection (LOD) for detecting Pb2+ and Cu2+ was 0.7982 × 10−2 ppm and 1.3358 × 10−2 ppm, respectively. Except for Zn2+ and Hg2+, the presence of competitive ions caused little effect on the current response when detecting Pb2+. However, all competitive ions caused a significant drop in the current response when detecting Cu2+, except Ca2+ and Mg2+, suggesting the sensing platform is more selective toward Pb2+ rather than Cu2+. The electrochemical sensor demonstrated good reproducibility and excellent repeatability with a low relative standard deviation (RSD) value in detecting Pb2+ and Cu2+. Most importantly, the result obtained in the analysis of Pb2+ and Cu2+ had a good recovery in river water, demonstrating the applicability of the developed sensor for real samples.

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