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Recent developments in β-cell differentiation of pluripotent stem cells induced by small and large molecules


Citation

Kumar, S. Suresh and Alarfaj, Abdullah Abdulaziz A. and Murugan, Alwarkurichi Munusamy and Singh, A. J. A. Ranjith and Peng, I. Chia and Priya, Sivan Padma and Awang Hamat, Rukman and Higuchi, Akon (2014) Recent developments in β-cell differentiation of pluripotent stem cells induced by small and large molecules. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 15 (12). pp. 23418-23447. ISSN 1422-0067

Abstract

Human pluripotent stem cells, including human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) and human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs), hold promise as novel therapeutic tools for diabetes treatment because of their self-renewal capacity and ability to differentiate into beta (β)-cells. Small and large molecules play important roles in each stage of β-cell differentiation from both hESCs and hiPSCs. The small and large molecules that are described in this review have significantly advanced efforts to cure diabetic disease. Lately, effective protocols have been implemented to induce hESCs and human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs) to differentiate into functional β-cells. Several small molecules, proteins, and growth factors promote pancreatic differentiation from hESCs and hMSCs. These small molecules (e.g., cyclopamine, wortmannin, retinoic acid, and sodium butyrate) and large molecules (e.g. activin A, betacellulin, bone morphogentic protein (BMP4), epidermal growth factor (EGF), fibroblast growth factor (FGF), keratinocyte growth factor (KGF), hepatocyte growth factor (HGF), noggin, transforming growth factor (TGF-α), and WNT3A) are thought to contribute from the initial stages of definitive endoderm formation to the final stages of maturation of functional endocrine cells. We discuss the importance of such small and large molecules in uniquely optimized protocols of β-cell differentiation from stem cells. A global understanding of various small and large molecules and their functions will help to establish an efficient protocol for β-cell differentiation.


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Official URL or Download Paper: http://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/15/12/23418

Additional Metadata

Item Type: Article
Divisions: Faculty of Medicine and Health Science
DOI Number: https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms151223418
Publisher: MDPI AG
Keywords: Beta (β) cells; Diabetes; Differentiation; Pancreas; Stem cells
Depositing User: Nurul Ainie Mokhtar
Date Deposited: 11 Oct 2016 02:47
Last Modified: 11 Oct 2016 02:47
Altmetrics: http://www.altmetric.com/details.php?domain=psasir.upm.edu.my&doi=10.3390/ijms151223418
URI: http://psasir.upm.edu.my/id/eprint/35169
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