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Photocatalytic treatment of 4-chlorophenol in aqueous ZnO suspensions : intermediates, influence of dosage and inorganic anions.


Citation

Gaya, Umar Ibrahim and Abdullah, Abdul Halim and Zainal, Zulkarnain and Hussein, Mohd. Zobir (2009) Photocatalytic treatment of 4-chlorophenol in aqueous ZnO suspensions : intermediates, influence of dosage and inorganic anions. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 168 (1). pp. 57-63. ISSN 0304-3894

Abstract

The photocatalytically driven removal of eco-persistent 4-chlorophenol from water using ZnO is reported here. Kinetic dependence of transformation rate on operating variables such as initial 4-chlorophenol concentration and photocatalyst doses was investigated. A complete degradation of 4-chlorophenol at 50 mg L−1 levels was realised in 3 h. Analytical profiles on 4-chlorophenol transformation were consistent with the best-line fit of the pseudo zero-order kinetics. The addition of small amounts of inorganic anions as SO42−, HPO4−, S2O82− and Cl− revealed two anion types: active site blockers and rate enhancers. Fortunately, Cl− and SO42− commonly encountered in contaminated waters enhanced the rate of 4-chlorophenol degradation. The reaction intermediates and route to 4-chlorophenol mineralisation were elucidated by combined RP-HPLC and GC–MS methods. In addition to previously reported pathway products of 4-chlorophenol photo-oxidation catechol was detected. A radical mechanism involving o-hydroxylation is proposed to account for the formation of catechol.


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Additional Metadata

Item Type: Article
Divisions: Faculty of Science
DOI Number: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2009.01.130
Publisher: Elsevier
Keywords: 4-Chlorophenol; ZnO photocatalysis; Intermediate; Anion.
Depositing User: Najwani Amir Sariffudin
Date Deposited: 21 Aug 2013 07:06
Last Modified: 30 Nov 2015 06:48
Altmetrics: http://www.altmetric.com/details.php?domain=psasir.upm.edu.my&doi=10.1016/j.jhazmat.2009.01.130
URI: http://psasir.upm.edu.my/id/eprint/16187
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