Pathogenic and genomic characterization of Burkholderia species causing rice bacterial panicle blight in Peninsular Malaysia

Rice (Oryza sativa) is a vital crop globally, contributing significantly to Malaysia's GDP through local and international markets. However, bacterial panicle blight (BPB), caused by Burkholderia glumae and Burkholderia gladioli, poses a major threat to rice quality and production. BPB symptoms include straw-colored panicles with florets displaying darker bases and reddish-brown edges, leading to kernel abortion and yield losses of up to 75% in severely affected areas. Climate factors, such as rising temperatures and humidity, exacerbate the disease's spread, making it a critical concern for Malaysia's rice industry. This study aimed to (i) isolate and identify Burkholderia spp. associated with BPB in Peninsular Malaysia, (ii) assess their pathogenicity on MR219 rice, and (iii) analyze their genomes using bioinformatics. From June 2021 to January 2022, 27 isolates were collected from symptomatic rice panicles. Phenotypic characterization confirmed they were Gram-negative rodproducing diffusible yellow pigments. Molecular analyses identified 22 isolates as B. glumae and 5 as B. gladioli. Pathogenicity tests revealed varying virulence levels, with isolates BGS.AS1, UPMBG7, and UPMBG8 being most virulent. Whole-genome sequencing of four strains revealed high alignment rates to reference strains, with B. glumae coding 5,453 to5,641 genes and B. gladioli coding 6,831 to 6,967 genes. Gene annotations identified pathways for flagella assembly and quorum sensing. Genome deposition on NCBI can be retrieved using accession numbers of JAMYCS000000000 (K6 strains), JAMYCT000000000 (P3 strains), JANIEE000000000 (UPMBG7 strains) and JANIEF000000000 (UPMBG8 strains). These findings provide insights into BPB pathogens, supporting improved management strategies to mitigate disease impacts and enhance rice production in Malaysia.

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