Zero-valent iron and its derivative biocomposites for dye adsorption

Because of the damage they do to the environment, the discharge of colored industrial effluent dyestuff is a major problem for both the general public and legislative bodies, as well as a challenge for scientists to design remediation methods. Zero-valent iron (ZVI), an eco-friendly material, is seen as a reliable contender for the detoxification of dye pollution in wastewater as well as groundwater and the environment. As a result of its low toxicity and reactivity, ZVI and its biocomposite derivatives have shown enormous capability for the environmental adsorption of dyes and the removal of other toxicants. The biocomposite of ZVI and other materials such as carboxymethyl cellulose, chitosan biopolymer, biochar, graphene oxide, and more has been broadly used for the adsorption of both azo anionic and cationic dyes, heavy metals, and other contaminants from environmental water bodies as well as industrial effluents. In this review, the latest preparation approach, characterization methods, and mechanism of reductive systems of ZVI biocomposites for the adsorption of dyes are reviewed. While the article reviews the use of ZVI-composite for the adsorption of dyes, it also demonstrates the higher reactivity possessed by all materials present in the composites for smooth removal of dyestuffs coupled with high prospective reliability in environmental remediation. Some suggestions are recommended for future research, and conclusions are drawn.

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