Site occupancy, density, and abundance of birds in urban parks

Urban park management in Southeast Asia often prioritize aesthetic appeal over biodiversity conservation. Management of wildlife habitat at the stand and landscape scales is required for both land-sharing and land-sparing strategies. A few studies have looked at the occurrence of urban birds in the context of land sharing and sparing policies to date. I investigated how resident and migratory birds utilize urban parks based on stand-level habitat characteristics and landscape metrics. I have conducted point count surveys at 49 sampling points to estimate their site occupancy, detection probability, densities, and abundance in 40 public parks within Klang Valley, Putrajaya, and Cyberjaya. Each visit consists of recorded number of birds species sighted, heard and distance nearest meter of the bird for 10-minute duration with 50 m fixed-radius point count for the bird sampling. A total of nine stand-level within sampling point at each point and two landscape-level metrics within a kilometre of the park. There are 90 bird species recorded, including both resident and migratory birds, with 3,011 individual encounters. Fourteen species had more than 50% of site occupancy. The abundance of palm trees, percentage of shrub, and height of ground vegetation and woody trees positively influenced the occupancy of Black-naped Oriole, Javan Myna, House Crow, Oriental Magpie- Robin, and Yellow-vented Bulbul. The number of woody trees and elevation negatively influenced the occupancy of Asian Glossy Starling, Spotted Dove, Zebra Dove, and Common Myna. The densities of resident bird such Eurasian Tree Sparrow (363 individuals), Oriental Magpie Robin (135 individuals), Yellow-vented Bulbul (111 individuals), followed by migratory birds such Asian Brown Flycatcher (21 individuals), Artic Warbler (16 individuals), and Brown Shrike (14 individuals) per 100 hectares. Our findings emphasise the relevance of both land sparing and sharing techniques in urban park management for increasing avian biodiversity, maintaining diverse habitats for birds, and providing biological corridors for them in urban settings.

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