Older adults’ experiences with mobile-assisted language learning: a systematic review of motivations, attitudes, and tensions

This systematic review examines older adultss, University Putra Malaysia, 43400, Selangor, Malaysias, Attitudes, and Tensionsༀ 胠 උn their motivations and attitudes. Following PRISMA guidelines, we searched seven academic databases from inception through December 2023. Seven empirical studies met the inclusion criteria, involving adults aged 60 and above engaging in MALL within non-formal or self-directed contexts. Thematic analysis identified six key themes: (a) high initial motivation, (b) declining motivation over time, (c) intrinsic learning motivations, (d) overall satisfaction, (e) a preference for human interaction and clear guidance, and (f) diverse learner needs. These themes converge into three overarching tensions: initial versus sustained motivation, technological utility versus human connection, and general positivity versus learner heterogeneity. The theoretical frameworks applied in the reviewed studies (Self-Directed Learning, social gerontology, SLA) largely overlooked the specific motivational dynamics of older adults. Although older adults generally demonstrate positive attitudes toward MALL, this synthesis underscores the critical need for personalized and socially enriched learning designs. Given the limited number and heterogeneity of the included studies, these conclusions remain preliminary.

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