Assessment of laminated damage in natural fibre-reinforced polymer biocomposites using guided ultrasonic waves: A case study

The importance of biocomposites in current and future applications requires no empha- sis, as the material is well established to exhibit remarkable achievement in replacing conventional non-biodegradable petroleum-based materials ( Nagalakshmaiah et al., 2018 ). Among the noteworthy properties of biocomposites are composability, envi- ronmental friendliness and complete decomposition in the end product ( Shanmugam et al., 2021 ). Additionally, biocomposites are cost-effective and lightweight ( Ilyas et al., 2021 ). Due to its focus on sustainability, environmental impact and innovative nature, biocomposites align with several Sustainable Development Goals (SGDs), such as SDG 9, SDG 12 and SDG 13. SDG9, which focuses on industry, innovation and infrastructure, aligns with research on biocomposites, as the material can lead to more sustainable and efficient industrial processes. SDG 12, which focuses on responsible consumption and production, aligns with research on biocomposites, as the material uses renewable natural fibre, reducing dependency on non-renewable materials. Many biocomposites are also biodegradable, thus promoting minimising waste and pollution. Lastly, SDG 13, which focuses on climate action, aligns with the benefits displayed by biocomposites, such that the material has a lower carbon footprint compared to traditional composites, contributing to lower greenhouse emissions ( SDGs, 2015 ).

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