Jackfruit (Artocarpus heterophyllus Lam.) waste extracts as rich source of flavonoids with potential antioxidant and α-glucosidase inhibitory activities

Importance of the work: Agricultural waste from the food industry presents a serious disposal challenge, yet it can serve as a valuable source of bioactive compounds. Jackfruit (Artocarpus heterophyllus Lam.) waste, often discarded, has potential to be repurposed into high-value products for food and pharmaceutical applications. Objectives: To investigate the antioxidant and α-glucosidase inhibitory activities of jackfruit waste extracts and to identify their metabolite composition using liquid chromatography combined with tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). Materials and Methods: Jackfruit waste was extracted using different ethanol concentrations and the extracts were evaluated for total phenolic content (TPC), 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging activity, nitric oxide radical inhibition and α-glucosidase inhibitory activity. Then, the most active extract was analyzed further using LC-MS/MS coupled with a spectral library search through Global Natural Products Social Molecular Networking for compound identification. Results: The 50% ethanolic extract had the highest TPC (mean ± SD, 73.76±2.19 mg gallic acid equivalents per gram of extract), with strong bioactivities, including DPPH radical scavenging (concentration of sample required to scavenge 50% of the DPPH free radicals = 85.83±3.14 µg/mL), nitric oxide radical inhibition (37.49±1.83% at 250 µg/mL) and potent α-glucosidase inhibition (half maximal inhibitory concentration = 3.75±0.15 µg/mL). The LC-MS/MS analysis identified 28 compounds, including 12 flavonoids with documented biological activities. Main finding: Jackfruit waste is a rich source of natural antioxidants and α-glucosidase inhibitors, which collectively highlight their prospective applications in food and pharmaceutical industries and contribute to the sustainable valorization of agro-industrial waste streams.

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