PLA/natural hydroxyapatite composites for potential bone filler applications

This research explores the use of biogenic hydroxyapatite (HAp) derived from fish scales (FsHAp) as an eco-friendly filler in poly(lactic acid) (PLA) composites intended for biomedical purposes. Although PLA/HAp composites have been extensively studied, the utilization of fish-scale-derived HAp remains relatively underreported. In this study, FsHAp particles (~10 µm) obtained from tilapia scales were incorporated into a PLA matrix at concentrations of 10 to 30 wt% through twin-screw extrusion. The resulting composites were characterized in terms of their mechanical, thermal, morphological, and chemical properties. Mechanical performance was examined using tensile, flexural, and impact (Izod) testing. Thermal transitions and molecular interactions were evaluated using differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, respectively, while scanning electron microscopy (SEM) provided insights into the microstructural features. Findings revealed that higher FsHAp loading reduced tensile strength, flexural strength, and elongation at break, but enhanced Young’s modulus, flexural modulus, and impact resistance. Both FTIR and DSC confirmed interactions between PLA and FsHAp, while SEM showed a homogeneous distribution of particles. Among the formulations, PLA containing 20 wt% FsHAp displayed the most promising properties for biomedical applications, particularly bone tissue engineering. Importantly, all raw materials employed in this work were sourced from renewable origins.

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