Rediscovering spatial configurations and cultural symbolism in Beijing’s official Pailou through landmark spatial indexing

The preservation and understanding of architectural heritage face growing challenges due to rapid urbanization and globalization. This study investigates Beijing’s official Pailou, rediscovering its dual role as a spatial marker and cultural transmitter through the Landmark Spatial Indexing (LSI) framework. Integrating Peircean semiotics with the CIDOC Conceptual Reference Model (CIDOC CRM), the research classifies Pailou into three spatial configurations: point, line, and enclosure. Through analyzing 18 spatial indexes from six key locations, the study explores how Pailou anchors ceremonial nodes, connects urban pathways, and defines sacred boundaries. Using digital mapping and visual editing techniques, the transformation of Pailou from functional gateways to ceremonial landmarks during the Yuan, Ming, and Qing dynasties is synthesized, highlighting their roles in representing imperial authority, Confucian ethics, Buddhist philosophy, Daoist philosophy, and cosmological symbolism. Positioned as a mediator between tangible urban spaces and intangible cultural heritage, Pailou embody a unique interplay of spatial and symbolic elements. This study offers a replicable framework for analyzing spatial and cultural relationships in architectural landmarks. The integration of digital tools with traditional heritage methodologies demonstrates their value for urban conservation and planning, reinforcing the cultural relevance of Pailou in contemporary contexts.

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