Cellular and molecular effects of diet supplemented with potential prebiotic crude extracts from selected local plant resources in broiler

Poultry industries have grown rapidly over the years due to the high demand from consumers. The quality and safety of the meat have become a major concern in which consumers prefer meat produced from natural resources. In the past, antibiotics were used as a growth promoter to increase body weight as well as feed efficiency of the birds. However, this resulted in the emergence of bacterial resistance to antibiotics, and residues of antibiotics in the meat may also affect humans’ health. Thus, other alternatives that could replace antibiotics are being extensively studied. Prebiotics, which are complex oligosaccharides, have been reported to selectively enhance beneficial bacteria populations in the gut, leading to inhibition of adhesion of pathogenic bacteria. Consequently, a good gastrointestinal system enhances the growth rate, feed efficiency and also immune status of the birds. Plant extracts have been reported as one of the sources of prebiotics and it can be hypothesized that certain plant extracts that is obtained locally may represent a rich source of prebiotics. However, the potential of various local plant extracts as a new source of prebiotic to effectively substitute the usage of antibiotics in broilers has not been extensively studied. Hence, the general objective of the study is to screen prebiotic from local plant extracts and investigate its effects on the broiler performance, nutrients absorption, immunity with the combination of commercial probiotic strains, as well as the changes of their gut microbiota. This study showed that among the six selected local plant candidates including coconut shred, rice bran, corn cob, oil palm frond, pineapple peel, and banana peel extracted using autohydrolysis method, corn cob extract contained the highest total carbohydrate concentration. Corn cob also resulted in the significant highest relative growth of Lactobacillus reuteri C1, Lactobacillus. reuteri I16, and Lactobacillus salivarius I24. Therefore, corn cob is the best candidate for the study because it fulfilled one of the prebiotic properties, “promoting the growth of beneficial intestinal microorganisms” and substrate availability. Autohydrolysis extraction of corn cob at 80 °C for 20 minutes has been found to give the best yield of possible prebiotics. Corn cob extracts totally inhibited the growth of Campylobacter jejuni co-cultured with Pediococcus pentosaceus PP6, in addition to the reduction of all non-beneficial bacteria. The corn cob extract was able to selectively enhance the growth and activity of beneficial bacteria better compared to the commercialised XOS. NMR revealed a mixture of monosaccharides, disaccharides and oligosaccharides, 3-carbon oligosaccharides are present in the crude corn cob extract. There are 3 1H signals in the proton anomeric region at 5.40, 5.18, and 4.58 ppm, with 6 13C signals in the anomeric region at 106.77, 104.61, 101.07, 99.16, 95.25, 95.20 ppm. This result was further supported by LC-MS/MS that trimaltotriose based sugar compounds were identified based on the mass and the LC-MS/MS spectrum. In overall, in vivo broilers fed with 0.1% probiotic and 1.0% corn cob extract (SYN10) resulted in significant (P < 0.05) better feed conversion ratio (FCR), body weight gain (BWG), lower serum triglyceride and higher antibody of IgA and IgM compared to BD. SYN10 also significantly (P < 0.05) enhanced the population of Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium, in conjunction with the reduction of Escherichia coli and Clostridium perfringens population in caeca and ilea during the finisher period compared to BD. On the other hand, 0.1% probiotic and 0.5% corn cob (SYN05) significantly (P < 0.05) lowered the LDL level during the finisher period compared to BD. SYN05 supplemented diet resulted in a significantly (P < 0.05) higher bacteria richness and diversity reflected compared to BD during the finisher period. Besides, SYN05 also significantly (P < 0.05) elevated the beneficial bacteria and suppressed the growth of pathogenic bacteria in caeca. In addition, SYN05 significantly (P < 0.05) elevated the metabolism of cofactors of vitamins and nucleotide metabolism compared to BD. From the overall results of this study, it can be concluded that the diets supplemented with corn cob extracts give positive and promising results on all aspects of the broilers’ growth and health performance comparing to the BD at varying degrees. The information of this study is important for the development of a potential prebiotic from local resources to be used to produce quality meat in the country, and the corn cob extract with probiotic can be further studied as a potential alternative to AGPs in poultry production.

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