Effects of Modified Breakfast meal on postprandial glucose and insulin levels in individuals with and without Type 2 diabetes

Introduction: The postprandial (PP) response to breakfast meals varying in carbohydrate and fat quality remains understudied. Conventional Breakfast (CB) aligns with medical nutrition therapy for Type 2 Diabetes mellitus (T2DM), while Modified Breakfast (MB) represents a structured nutrition plan. This study aimed to (i) compare postprandial glucose and insulin levels between individuals with and without T2DM following CB and (ii) evaluate the differences in postprandial glucose and insulin responses to CB and MB in T2DM patients. Materials and methods: Parallel group comparison was performed on 40 subjects (T2DM=20 and without T2DM=20), matched by age and sex, and a randomised crossover trial was conducted on 20 subjects with T2DM. The T2DM subjects consumed both meals in a crossover manner, and those without T2DM were only given CB. Foods were consumed within 15 minutes, following 8-10 hours of overnight fasting. Blood samples were collected at fasting and hourly within 4-hours after the meals. Results: Using ANCOVA, the PP glucose response over the 4-hour period was significantly higher in individuals with T2DM compared to those without T2DM (431.98±191.71 versus 100.25±48.69, p < 0.001) for CB. Among T2DM subjects, there was no significant difference between CB and MB on PP glucose, but MB produced lower insulin responses compared to CB at 3-hour (27.70±13.70 versus 41.57±18.55,p < 0.05) and 4-hour (19.67±10.34 versus 31.68±19.93,p< 0.05). Conclusion: MB produced comparable 4-hour PP glycaemic responses to CB but with a lower insulin response. Future studies focusing on the incretin hormones after consumption of both test meals are worth investigating.

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