A systematic framework to the sustainable treatment system for pome using optimization modelling in Papua New Guinea

This study presents a strategic planning model to optimize economic returns and minimize the environmental impact of Palm Oil Mill Effluent (POME) treatment systems. The model aims to maximize profits while reducing CO2e emission by evaluating three treatment options: Anaerobic Digester Tank System (ADT), Covered Lagoon (CL) with biogas capture, and Open Pond System (OP). Constraints considered include fresh fruit bunch (FFB) production, POME generation, treatment system capacity, electricity generation from the existing boiler and additional biogas engine, electricity demand, capital costs, and operating costs. A mixed-integer linear programming model (MILP) is formulated and optimized using GAMS 40.1.0 software, focusing on selecting the treatment system that balances profitability with minimal CO2e emissions. Applied to a case study of two mills in Papua New Guinea, the model identified the ADT system as the optimal treatment system. In the Economic Mode, the model prioritizes profit maximization, achieving a total annual profit of USD 9,769,439 with electricity sales amounting to USD 12,399,439 per year. Conversely, the Green Mode records a negative profit, as the model focuses on minimizing CO2e emissions. The Sustainable Mode, however, secures positive profitability with a total profit of USD 5,123,982 and annual electricity sales of USD 7,693,982, representing a 47.55% reduction from the Economic Mode. From an environmental perspective, the Green Mode Model demonstrates the best performance in terms of minimal CO2e emissions, producing only 3,034 tonnes of CO2e. In comparison, the Sustainable Mode and Economic Mode generate approximately 17 and 34 times more CO2e, respectively. The Sustainable Mode aims to balance profit and CO2e emissions, achieving a degree of satisfaction of 0.52, indicating moderate satisfaction The developed model can assist governmental agencies and private sectors in developing strategic pome treatment systems that enhance profitability while minimizing environmental impact.

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