Characterisation of jackfruit (Artocarpus heterophyllus) leaf extract: impact of drying and ethanol/water ratios on antioxidant properties and development of xanthan gum-fish gelatin nanoemulgel

The increasing demand for natural, sustainable, and effective delivery system for bioactive compounds has driven research into innovative formulations. Jackfruit leaves, known for this potent antioxidant properties, remain underutilised in pharmaceutical and cosmeceutical applications. However, the challenge lies in the optimising the drying processes to preserve their bioactive potential and integrating these extracts into stable and efficient drug delivery systems. Moreover, despite the growing interest in nanomeulgels as one of the promising drug delivery systems, many studies have yet to investigate the synergistic potential of natural stabilisers like xanthan gum and fish gelatin. This research aims to address these gaps by investigating the drying kinetics, selection of optimal solvent on antioxidant properties of jackfruit leaves (JL) from Mastura variety and developing a nanoemulgel formulation for topical applications. Initial phase study focused on the drying kinetics of JL using shade drying (SD), sun drying (SN), and oven drying at 40°C (OV). The Newton model was found to be the most suitable for describing moisture removal patterns of JL. The moisture effective diffusivities were ranged from 2.920 x 10-10 to 6.814 x 10- 10 m2 /s over the temperature range studied and SD and OV were observed to preserve acceptable colour. All dried JL were ground into powder and macerated and extracted using various ethanol-water (E/W) extraction ratios (0%, 50%, 80% and 100%). Oven dried extracted using 80% E/W (OV80) able to preserve the highest antioxidant contents and antioxidant activities. The second phase involved the formulation of nanoemulgel stabilised with polymer of interest, single xanthan gum (Xan) and fish gelatin (Gel) and the polymer mixtures (MA – ME) incorporating the JL extract. Droplet size, zeta potential, polydispersity index (PDI), stability, morphology, and rheology of nanoemulgels integrated with JLE were determined. The sizes were all less than 250 nm, with PDI and zeta potential values in the range of 0.225 -0.319 and -47.34 -27.32 mV, respectively indicating colloidal stability. Rheological analysis demonstrated shear-thinning behaviour, while showing spherical, well dispersed droplet under microscope. Spreadability test revealed that all formulation has preferable spreadability feature (non-Newtonian flow) that required for the application of topical gel formulated. The selected nanoemulgel with desirable properties for topical application were observed in the in vitro release testing study for drug permeation. The result revealed that nanoemulgel with incorporation of 0.5% Xan and 2.0% Gel or labelled as MA showed significantly higher permeation rate (0.4294 ± 0.0062 mg/cm2), than other formulations. MA was found to obey the Korsmeyer- Peppas equation, which may be interpreted through diffusion and erosion mechanisms. This discovery suggests that JL extract has the potential to be developed into sustainable and efficient bioactive delivery system.

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