The effects of a low-pressure port fuel injection on the performance characteristics of a hydrogen–diesel dual-fuel compression ignition engine

Hydrogen has gained increasing attention as a supplementary fuel for internal combustion engines due to its high energy content and carbon-free combustion characteristics. This study experimentally investigates the performance and emission behavior of a hydrogen–diesel dual-fuel compression ignition engine under varying hydrogen injection pressures. A single-cylinder, four-stroke, direct-injection Yanmar L48N diesel engine was modified to operate in hydrogen–diesel bi-fuel mode using a port fuel injection system for hydrogen delivery. Experiments were conducted in hydrogen–diesel dual-fuel mode at hydrogen injection pressures of 0.5, 1.0, and 1.5 bar over an engine speed range of 1800–3600 rpm under approximately 50% constant load conditions The results indicate that hydrogen enrichment improves engine performance parameters, including brake power, torque, brake mean effective pressure, and brake specific fuel consumption, particularly at higher hydrogen pressures. The highest brake thermal efficiency of approximately 13% was achieved at a hydrogen pressure of 1.5 bar. In terms of emissions, hydrogen addition significantly reduced carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions due to its carbon-free nature. However, increases in nitrogen oxide (NOx) emissions were observed, especially at higher hydrogen pressures, attributed to elevated in-cylinder combustion temperatures. Unburned hydrocarbon and carbon monoxide (CO) emissions increased under certain operating conditions, primarily due to non-optimized hydrogen injection timing. Overall, the findings demonstrate that hydrogen–diesel dual-fuel operation can enhance engine performance and reduce carbon-related emissions. However, precise control of hydrogen injection parameters is essential to mitigate NOx formation and incomplete combustion effects.

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