Association of ABO blood group and leptin level with moderate-high Framingham risk score

The eleven-month study investigated the association between cardiovascular risk factors and cardiovascular diseases (CVD), which remains the leading cause of global mortality. Blood group antigens have been linked to an increased susceptibility to CVD. Leptin, a marker of adipose function, has been proposed to enhance the predictive ability for CVD risk. Elevated leptin levels have shown correlations with specific ABO blood groups. The Framingham Risk Score (FRS) remains the standard tool for assessing 10-year CVD risk. This study aimed to determine the association of ABO blood and leptin level with FRS in the determining CVD risk. A cross-sectional study was carried out among 333 patients aged from 30 to 75 years old without CVD and had follow- ups in the Family Medicine Specialist Clinic in Hospital Sultan Abdul Aziz Shah (HSAAS). Collected blood samples from consented patients were subjected to the ABO blood group by antigen-antibody agglutination, Magnetic Luminex by functional sandwich immunoassay was used to determine plasma leptin level. Potential confounding factors, including conventional FRS risk factors; age, gender, total cholesterol (TC), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), systolic blood pressure (SBP), hypertension medication use, smoking status, diabetes, and history of CVD were evaluated and categorized into low, moderate-high risk. Kruskal-Wallis and Mann-Whitney tests were used to assess the association between ABO blood group and leptin levels due to the non-parametric nature of the data. Linear regression was employed to evaluate the correlation between body mass index (BMI) and leptin levels, ensuring assumptions of linearity and normality of residuals were checked. To adjust for potential confounders in the association with FRS, multiple logistic regression was performed. Variables with a p-value <0.25 in univariate analyses were included in the model. Patients’ median (IQR) age was 55 (19) years old were 61.6% females and 88% Malays. The O blood group and Rh- positive were dominant with 39.9% and 99.4% respectively. Non-O blood group (64.5%) and AB blood group (71.4%) had the highest percentage in the moderate-high FRS. Median (IQR) ng/ml of leptin levels showed the highest in non-O blood group with 17.98 (19.6), and B blood group with 20.61 (24.78). Significant correlation was observed for leptin and BMI (p<0.001). FRS were found significant in status of use of anti-dyslipidaemia agent (p<0.001) and fasting blood sugar (FBS) level (p: 0.006). The study highlighted the potential influence of blood group, BMI, and leptin level on cardiovascular risk. Additionally, both low-risk FRS exhibited elevated leptin level, underscoring the complex relationship between obesity, leptin, and cardiovascular health. Study findings underscored the importance of integrating use of anti- dyslipidaemia agent and FBS into cardiovascular risk assessment for management to improve prevention strategies.

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