Aerotolerance of Campylobacter spp. in food chain: a meta-analysis on the prevalence and a systematic review on the persistence, genetic relatedness, and risk to humans

Campylobacter spp. are the bacterial pathogens that cause gastrointestinal illness in humans, and were once asserted to be a microaerophile and unable to survive aerobically. In recent decades, aerotolerant Campylobacter spp. have been reported in the food chain. This review aims to obtain information on the aerotolerant Campylobacter spp., highlighting the prevalence, persistence, genetic relatedness, and risk to humans. After screening, the findings of 39 articles (12 articles for meta-analysis) were synthesized. High pooled prevalence of aerotolerant Campylobacter spp. (75.9%) from meta-analysis indicated the elevated risk of human campylo bacteriosis. Campylobacter spp. with a higher aerotolerance level survived better against environmental stresses, including atmospheric, chemical antimicrobial agents, temperature, and osmotic conditions. The situation wors ens with reported aerobic growth of Campylobacter spp. The sequence type (ST) of Campylobacter spp. had a statistically significant (P < 0.001) influence on aerotolerance level, suggesting that future studies would be able to postulate the aerotolerance level based on the determined ST. Aerotolerant Campylobacter spp. might pose an increased risk to humans because of their prevalence and persistence in a food chain, possible greater antibiotic resistance, and higher frequency of virulence genes. This underscores the potentially elevated medical burden of this pathogen.

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