The opportunity of advanced technologies utilization for detecting Basal Stem Rot (BSR) in palm oil plantation: a review

Basal Stem Rot (BSR) disease attacks in oil palm plantations are still the most significant cause of losses in oil palm plantations. The leading cause of BSR disease in oil palm plants is the Ganoderma Boninense fungus. The spread of BSR in an oil palm area can be massive due to transmission through root contact, airborne, and sporophores spread on the soil and in dead plant debris. The application of advanced technologies to mitigate and prevent the spread of BSR disease can be carried out considering that the nature of the spread and characteristics of this disease infection are well known. Advanced technologies such as the Internet of Things (IoT) are suitable for real-time monitoring of large areas. The key to successfully detecting BSR disease in oil palm plants is the selection of sensor technologies for monitoring and machine learning (ML) models used for segmenting and classifying infected plant characteristics. This paper comprehensively summarizes the spread of BSR disease and then describes various technologies and ML models for monitoring and preventing BSR disease in oil palm plantations. The use of ML can be potentially used for early detection of BSR. Finally, this paper can complement and provide a basis for developing technology to prevent the spread of BSR disease.

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