Metabolomic characterization of different types of Malaysian Edible Bird’s Nest

Edible Bird’s Nest (EBN), produced by Aerodramus fuciphagus and Aerodramus maximus, has been widely consumed for its nutritional and medicinal properties. Despite its increasing global demand, variations in its metabolite composition due to geographical origin and processing methods remain inadequately explored. The current study investigates the metabolite profiles of farmed and commercialized EBN to determine the influence of environmental factors, diet availability, and processing on its biochemical composition. It is hypothesized that EBN from different Malaysian regions exhibits distinct metabolite compositions, potentially impacting its functional properties. Farmed EBN samples were obtained from Perak, Kelantan, Johor, and Sarawak, while commercialized EBN was sourced from a local pharmacy. The metabolite extraction process followed standardized protocols, and proton nuclear magnetic resonance (¹H-NMR) spectroscopy was used for analysis. Principal component analysis (PCA) and hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA) were applied to evaluate metabolite variations, while antioxidant properties were assessed using DPPH and nitric oxide scavenging assays. Findings revealed significant differences in metabolite composition between farmed and commercialized EBN. Higher acetone and 4-hydroxyproline levels were detected in commercialized EBN, suggesting potential alterations due to processing. Among farmed samples, Johor’s EBN exhibited the highest nitric oxide scavenging activity, while Kelantan’s EBN demonstrated the strongest DPPH radical inhibition. These variations highlight the impact of geographical and processing factors on EBN’s biochemical properties. Establishing a comprehensive metabolite profile may contribute to industry-wide standardization, ensuring product quality and reinforcing EBN’s potential as a functional food.

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