Ultrasound-assisted osmotic dehydration pretreatment of Baccaurea lanceolata (Miq.) Müll. Arg. (liposu) fruit based on crude yield and phenolic content with antioxidant, antidiabetic, and anti-obesity potential

Baccaurea lanceolata (Miq.) Müll. Arg., locally known as liposu, is an underutilised fruit in Southeast Asia with limited information on its nutritional and bioactive properties. This study determined the proximate composition and physicochemical properties of B. lanceolata fruit and evaluated the effects of ultrasound-assisted osmotic dehydration (UAOD) pretreatment on crude yield, total phenolic content (TPC), bioactivity, and the phytochemical profile of B. lanceolata fruit extract (BLFE). Proximate composition and physicochemical properties were determined using standard analytical procedures. Process optimisation was conducted using response surface methodology with a central composite design. Bioactivity was evaluated using 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), 2,2′-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS), α-glucosidase, and pancreatic lipase assays, while phytochemical profiling was performed by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). The fruit showed high moisture content, low macronutrient levels, low pH, high titratable acidity, and low total soluble solids. The optimised conditions of 40 °C, 30.25% sucrose, and 84.65 min produced a crude yield of 60.29 ± 0.15% and a TPC of 22.45 ± 0.15 mg GAE/g. Under these conditions, BLFE exhibited moderate antioxidant activity. BLFE showed weak α-glucosidase inhibition, with an IC50 of 322.09 ± 0.98 µg/mL, compared with acarbose at 10.57 ± 1.24 µg/mL, and moderate pancreatic lipase inhibition, with an IC50 of 43.51 ± 0.25 µg/mL, compared with orlistat at 12.41 ± 0.13 µg/mL. LC-MS/MS tentatively identified selected putative plant metabolites in BLFE, including avenanthramides, coumaric acid derivatives, 2-arylbenzofuran flavonoids, prenylated flavanones, phenolic glycosides, tocotrienols, diterpenoids, and O-methylated flavonoids. These findings support the relevance of BLFE for functional food and nutraceutical applications.

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