Engineering one-dimensional titania nanostructures for enhanced photocatalysis in energy conversion and environmental treatment

One-dimensional (1D) titanium dioxide (TiO₂) nanostructures have attracted significant interest as advanced photocatalysts for both energy conversion and environmental treatment, owing to their anisotropic architectures, tunable crystal phases, large surface-to-volume ratios, and favourable charge-transport characteristics. Nevertheless, many existing reviews primarily summarise selected 1D TiO₂ morphologies or focus on isolated application areas, leaving limited critical comparison of performance-enhancement routes across different 1D TiO₂ systems. To address this gap, this review highlights engineering strategies that enhance photocatalytic performance through phase modulation, morphology control, surface/interface modification, and compositional tailoring of 1D TiO₂ nanostructures. This review first summarises the fundamental properties of TiO₂ and recent progress in the fabrication of 1D TiO₂ nanostructures, including nanorods, nanotubes, nanowires, and nanofibres. These strategies are critically discussed in terms of their roles in increasing accessible active sites, improving light harvesting, and promoting efficient separation and migration of photogenerated electrons and holes. Furthermore, the applications of engineered 1D TiO₂ nanostructures in photocatalytic pollutant degradation, CO₂ reduction, water splitting, and nitrogen oxide fixation are systematically summarised and compared. Finally, key challenges and future perspectives are highlighted to guide the rational design of high-performance 1D TiO₂-based photocatalysts and accelerate their scalable implementation in sustainable energy and environmental technologies.

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