Sustainable bioconversion of Malaysian biomass to fermentable sugars with post-production storage stability analysis

Malaysia generates a wide range of agricultural biomass, including pineapple leaves (PL), rice straw (RS), sago hampas (SH), banana pseudostem (BS), durian husk (DH), and coconut husk (CH). While many studies have assessed individual biomass types for fermentable sugars production, few studies have directly compared multiple biomass types under standardized pretreatment and saccharification conditions, and fewer have assessed the stability of fermentable sugars during storage. This study aimed to identify the most promising available Malaysian biomass for fermentable sugars production by screening three pretreatment methods, alkaline (AL), dilute acid (DA), and hydrothermal (HT) followed by enzymatic hydrolysis using Cellic® CTec2. AL pretreatment significantly outperformed DA and HT across all biomass types (p < 0.001). The highest fermentable sugars yield was observed in AL- and DA-pretreated PL, at 27.39 ± 1.28 g/L and 24.27 ± 1.04 g/L, respectively, followed by AL-pretreated RS (19.59 ± 1.68 g/L) and SH (19.59 ± 1.22 g/L), highlighting their potential as key feedstocks. Repeated measures General Linear Model (GLM) analysis revealed a highly significant effect of storage duration on fermentable sugars retention (p < 0.001), with significant interactions between storage duration, biomass type, and storage temperature. Storage analysis showed that fermentable sugars remained most stable at − 80 °C and − 20 °C, with sugar retention exceeding 50% after 12 weeks. These findings highlight the importance of selecting both effective pretreatment strategies and appropriate storage conditions to maximize fermentable sugars yield and preservation in biomass-to-bioenergy applications.

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