Enhanced extraction of vanillin from pyroligneous acid using ionic liquid-based dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction coupled with microwave-assisted extraction

Dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction (DLLME) demonstrated good analytical accuracy in determining the concentrations of organic compounds in pyroligneous acid (PA). Vanillin, one of the constituents of PA, was selected as the target analyte and extracted using two ionic liquids (ILs), namely 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate ([BMIM][BF₄]) and 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium hexafluorophosphate ([BMIM][PF₆]). When coupled with microwave-assisted extraction (MAE), the IL-MAE-DLLME method produced reliable analytical performance, with percentage recoveries (%R) for all parameters falling within the acceptable range of 80–120% and exhibiting excellent linearity (R² = 1.000) for both ionic liquids. Optimisation of the IL-MAE-DLLME method revealed that the actual concentrations of vanillin extracted using [BMIM][BF₄] and [BMIM][PF₆] were 53.4030 ppm and 66.9233 ppm, respectively. Method validation further confirmed the accuracy and precision of the measurements, with relative standard deviation (RSD) values of 18.73% for [BMIM][BF₄] and 17.90% for [BMIM][PF₆]. The corresponding recovery percentages were 108.36% and 111.69%, respectively, with excellent linearity (R² = 1.000). Based on the higher extracted vanillin concentration, [BMIM][PF₆] was identified as the more suitable extraction solvent for vanillin in PA samples.

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