Comparison of total phenolic content, total flavonoid content, and antioxidant activity of white mulberry (Morus alba) leaves and roots using 80% ethanol and water

White mulberry (Morus alba) is a plant from the Moraceae family. Its consumption is becoming more common nowadays, especially in Asia countries. Different parts of the plant are consumed due to the beneficial health effects. Several studies also found that different solvents in extraction can affect the bioactive components of plants. Therefore, this study aimed to compare the total phenolic content (TPC), total flavonoid content (TFC), and antioxidant activity (AA) of ethanol (80%) and water extraction of white mulberry samples (leaves and roots). Fresh samples were from Buloh Kasap, Segamat, Johor. The samples were freeze-dried prior to the extraction process. Folin-Ciocalteu and aluminium chloride colourimetric methods determined the TPC and TFC of samples while the AA was analysed by DPPH and FRAP assays. TPC and TFC in 80% ethanol-extracted roots were significantly higher (p<0.05) than 80% ethanol-extracted leaves and water-extracted white mulberry leaves and roots. There were significant differences (p<0.05) in AA between leaves and roots extracted samples (water and 80% ethanol) based on DPPH and FRAP assays. The IC50 of leaves was significantly higher than roots (p<0.05). FRAP values of each sample extract were significantly different and the AA of roots was higher than leaves. TPC and TFC were strong but negatively correlated with DPPH (r =-0.824, p = 0.01; r =-0.761, p = 0.01). Besides, the TPC and TFC were strongly correlated with FRAP (r = 0.929, p = 0.01; r = 0.870, p = 0.01). In conclusion, white mulberry roots' TPC, TFC, and AA were higher than white mulberry leaves. The 80% ethanol was superior to water for extracting bioactive components and antioxidant activity from white mulberry leaves and roots.

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