Analysis of Absorbed Power Density and Power Loss Density in human skin model from 5G mmWave exposure

This study investigates the Absorbed Power Density (APD) and Power Loss Density (PLD) of 5G downlink signals in Frequency Range 2 (FR2), in particular at millimetre-wave (mmWave) frequencies, in an outdoor scenario in Malaysia. The electric field (E-field) was measured, and the data were collected from a base station (BS) located in Cyberjaya, Malaysia, operating at 29.5 GHz, as documented in previous work of the authors. The APD and PLD were simulated using Computer Simulation Technology (CST) software. The radiation source was modelled using a patch antenna, while a four-layer human skin model represented the sample. This work simulated three different types of applications: voice calls, video calls, and video streaming. It was found that the maximum APD is 0.0364 W/m2 for voice calls, 0.0498 W/m2 for video calls, and 0.0584 W/m2 for video streaming. All the investigated applications produced APD within the safe limit of 20 W/m2 set by the International Commission on Non-Ionizing Radiation Protection (ICNIRP). PLD was analysed to investigate the depth of radiation penetration into the skin. The results show that the PLD decreased from 18.1 W/m3 to 3.1 W/m3, 24.8 W/m3 to 4.1 W/m3, and 29.1 W/m3 to 4.8 W/m3 from the skin surface to the skin at 1 mm depth for voice call, video call, and video streaming, respectively. It shows a significant drop in PLD due to the short wavelength of the mmWave frequencies.

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